Waini chinwiwa chinodhaka chinowanzogadzirwa kubva kumazambiringa akaviriswa.Mbiriso inodya shuga iri mumazambiringa uye inoishandura kuita ethanol uye kabhoni dhaikisaidhi, ichiburitsa kupisa mukuita.Mhando dzakasiyana dzemazambiringa nemhando dzembiriso ndizvo zvinhu zvikuru mumhando dzakasiyana dzewaini.Misiyano iyi inokonzerwa nekudyidzana kwakaoma kuri pakati pekugadzirwa kwemakemikari emuzambiringa, mabatirwo anoitwa mukuvirisa, nzvimbo yekukura kwemazambiringa (terroir), uye kugadzirwa kwewaini.Nyika zhinji dzinodzika zvichemo zviri pamutemo zvine chinangwa chekutsanangura masitaera nehunhu hwewaini.Izvi zvinowanzo ganhurira kwakabva nzvimbo uye marudzi anotenderwa emazambiringa, pamwe chete nezvimwe zvinhu zvekugadzira waini.Waini isina kugadzirwa kubva kumazambiringa inosanganisira kuviriswa kwezvimwe zvirimwa zvinosanganisira waini yemupunga uye mamwe waini yemichero senge plum, cherry, pomegranate, currant uye elderberry.
Matangiro ewaini ekutanga anozivikanwa anobva kuGeorgia (c. 6000 BCE), Iran (Persia) (c. 5000 BCE), uye Sicily (c. 4000 BCE).Waini yakasvika kuBalkans ne4500 BC uye yakapedzwa nekupembererwa muGreece yekare, Thrace neRoma.Munhau yose, waini yave ichinwiwa nokuda kwemiuyo yayo inodhakisa.
Humbowo hwekutanga hwekuchera matongo uye hwekuchera matongo hwewaini yemazambiringa uye viniculture, ye6000-5800 BCE yakawanikwa munharaunda yeGeorgia yemazuva ano.Uchapupu hwezvekuchera matongo uye hwema genetic hunoratidza kuti kugadzirwa kwewaini kwekutanga kune imwe nzvimbo kwaive kwakazotevera, pamwe kwakaitika kuSouthern Caucasus (iyo inosanganisira Armenia, Georgia neAzerbaijan), kana dunhu reWest Asia pakati peEastern Turkey, uye kuchamhembe kweIran.Iyo yekutanga waini yewaini kubva 4100 BCE ndiyo Areni-1 winery muArmenia.
Kunyangwe isiri waini, humbowo hwekutanga hwemazambiringa nemupunga zvakasanganiswa zvinwiwa zvakaviriswa zvakawanikwa muChina yekare (c. 7000 BCE).
Tsanangudzo yekuyemurwa kwemasitepisi ekumabvazuva eApadana, Persepolis, inoratidza maArmenian vachiunza amphora, pamwe yewaini, kuna mambo.
Mushumo wa2003 wevanochera matongo unoratidza mukana wekuti mazambiringa aisanganiswa nemupunga kuti abudise zvinwiwa zvakasanganiswa zvakaviriswa muChina yekare mumakore ekutanga kwemireniyamu yechinomwe BCE.Zvirongo zvehari kubva kunzvimbo yeNeolithic yeJiahu, Henan, yaive nematehwe e tartaric acid uye mamwe maoriki anowanikwa muwaini.Nekudaro, mimwe michero yemuno mudunhu, senge hawthorn, haigone kubviswa.Kana zvinwiwa izvi, zvinoita kunge zvakatangira waini yemupunga, zvaisanganisira mazambiringa kwete mimwe michero, angadai anga ari chero emhando gumi nembiri dzerudzi rwechisango muChina, kwete Vitis vinifera, iyo yakaunzwa makore 6000 gare gare.
Kupararira kwetsika dzewaini kumadokero zvichida kwaikonzerwa nevaFenikiya vakapararira nekunze kubva pasi penyika dzemaguta pamwe nemhenderekedzo yegungwa yeMediterranean iri pakati peRebhanoni yemazuva ano (pamwe chete nezvikamu zvidiki zveIsrael/Palestine neSyria yegungwa);[37] ] zvisinei, tsika yeNuragic muSardinia yakanga yatova netsika yekunwa waini vasati vasvika vaFenikiya.Waini dzeByblos dzakatengeswa kuEgypt panguva yeHumambo hwekare uyezve muMediterranean yese.Uchapupu hweizvi hunosanganisira kuputsikirwa kwengarava mbiri dzeFenikiya kubva muna 750 BCE, dzakawanikwa nemitoro yavo yewaini ichiri yakasimba, iyo yakawanikwa naRobert Ballard Sevaive vekutanga vatengesi vakuru vewaini (cherem), vaFenikiya vanoita sevakaidzivirira kubva pakusvibiswa newaini yakatsetseka. mafuta omuorivhi, anoteverwa nechisimbiso chepinewood uye resin, yakafanana neretsina.
Zvisaririra zvekutanga zveApadana Palace muPersepolis kubvira muna 515 BCE zvinosanganisira kuvezwa kunoratidza masoja anobva kuAchaemenid Empire nyika dziri pasi penyika dzichiunza zvipo kuna mambo Achaemenid, pakati pavo maArmenian vachiunza waini yavo yakakurumbira.
Manyorero ezvewaini akawandisa muHomer (zana ramakore rechisere BCE, asi pamwe ane chekuita nenziyo dzekutanga), Alkman (7th century BCE), nevamwe.MuEgypt yekare, nhanhatu dzeamphora dzewaini makumi matatu nenhanhatu dzakawanikwa muguva raMambo Tutankhamun rine zita rekuti "Kha'y", mambo wevintner wehumambo.Mashanu eaya maamphora akasarudzwa seakabva kunhaka yamambo, neyechitanhatu kubva panzvimbo yeimba yamambo yaAten.Mateki ewaini akawanikwawo pakati peAsia Xinjiang muChina yemazuva ano, kubva mumireniyamu yechipiri neyekutanga BCE.
Kusvinira waini shure kwokukohwa;Tacuinum Sanitatis, muzana remakore rechi14
Kutanga kunozivikanwa kutaurwa kwewaini-yakavakirwa mazambiringa muIndia kubva mukupera kwezana ramakore rechina BCE zvinyorwa zvaChanakya, gurukota guru raEmperor Chandragupta Maurya.Muzvinyorwa zvake, Chanakya anoshoropodza kushandiswa kwedoro achirondedzera kwamambo nedare ravo kugara vachinwa waini inonzi madhu.
VaRoma vekare vaidyara minda yemizambiringa pedyo nemaguta evarindi kuitira kuti waini igadzirwe munharaunda yacho pane kutakurwa nechikepe madaro marefu.Dzimwe dzenzvimbo idzi dzave nemukurumbira pasi rose nekugadzira waini.VaRoma vakawana kuti kubatidza makenduru esarufa mukati memidziyo yewaini isina chinhu kwaiita kuti arambe ari matsva uye asinganhuwi vhiniga.MuEurope yomuMiddle Ages, Chechi yeRoma Katurike yaitsigira waini nokuti vafundisi vaiida nokuda kweMisa. Mamongi okuFrance aiita waini kwemakore, achiisakadza mumapako.Mabikirwo ekare echiRungu ayo akararama nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana kutozosvikira muzana ramakore rechi 19 anoda kunatswa waini chena kubva muwaini yebhastardo—yakaipa kana kuti yakasvibiswa.
Gare gare, zvizvarwa zvewaini yesakaramende zvakanatswa kuitira kuravira kunonaka.Izvi zvakapa kuti kuve kwemazuva ano viticulture muwaini yeFrance, waini yeItaly, waini yeSpain, uye tsika dzewaini dzewaini dzakaunzwa muwaini yeNyika Itsva.Semuenzaniso, mazambiringa eMission akaunzwa nemamongi eFrancisca kuNew Mexico muna 1628 kutanga nhaka yewaini yeNew Mexico, mazambiringa aya akaunzwawo kuCalifornia iyo yakatanga indasitiri yewaini yeCalifornia.Nekuda kwetsika yewaini yeSpanish, matunhu maviri aya akazoshanduka kuita ekare uye makuru vagadziri, zvichiteerana, ewaini yeUnited States.Viking sagas yakambotaura nezvenyika yakanaka izere nemazambiringa emusango newaini yemhando yepamusoro inonzi Vinland chaiyo.[51]VaSpanish vasati vatanga tsika dzavo dzewaini dzekuAmerica muCalifornia neNew Mexico, France neBritain vakanga vaedza zvisina kubudirira kumisa mizambiringa yeFlorida neVirginia zvakateerana.
Nguva yekutumira: Aug-04-2022